Note: A law may be universal or particular, written or unwritten, published or secret. From the nature of the highest laws a degree of permanency or stability is always implied; but the power which makes a law, or a superior power, may annul or change it. [1913 Webster]
These are the statutes and judgments and laws, which the Lord made. --Lev. xxvi. 46. [1913 Webster]
The law of thy God, and the law of the King. --Ezra vii. 26. [1913 Webster]
As if they would confine the Interminable . . . Who made our laws to bind us, not himself. --Milton. [1913 Webster]
His mind his kingdom, and his will his law. --Cowper. [1913 Webster]
2. In morals: The will of God as the rule for the disposition and conduct of all responsible beings toward him and toward each other; a rule of living, conformable to righteousness; the rule of action as obligatory on the conscience or moral nature. [1913 Webster]
3. The Jewish or Mosaic code, and that part of Scripture where it is written, in distinction from the gospel; hence, also, the Old Testament. Specifically: the first five books of the bible, called also Torah, Pentatech, or {Law of Moses}. [1913 Webster +PJC]
What things soever the law saith, it saith to them who are under the law . . . But now the righteousness of God without the law is manifested, being witnessed by the law and the prophets. --Rom. iii. 19, 21. [1913 Webster]
4. In human government: (a) An organic rule, as a constitution or charter, establishing and defining the conditions of the existence of a state or other organized community. (b) Any edict, decree, order, ordinance, statute, resolution, judicial, decision, usage, etc., or recognized, and enforced, by the controlling authority. [1913 Webster]
5. In philosophy and physics: A rule of being, operation, or change, so certain and constant that it is conceived of as imposed by the will of God or by some controlling authority; as, the law of gravitation; the laws of motion; the law heredity; the laws of thought; the laws of cause and effect; law of self-preservation. [1913 Webster]
6. In mathematics: The rule according to which anything, as the change of value of a variable, or the value of the terms of a series, proceeds; mode or order of sequence. [1913 Webster]
7. In arts, works, games, etc.: The rules of construction, or of procedure, conforming to the conditions of success; a principle, maxim; or usage; as, the laws of poetry, of architecture, of courtesy, or of whist. [1913 Webster]
8. Collectively, the whole body of rules relating to one subject, or emanating from one source; -- including usually the writings pertaining to them, and judicial proceedings under them; as, divine law; English law; Roman law; the law of real property; insurance law. [1913 Webster]
9. Legal science; jurisprudence; the principles of equity; applied justice. [1913 Webster]
Reason is the life of the law; nay, the common law itself is nothing else but reason. --Coke. [1913 Webster]
Law is beneficence acting by rule. --Burke. [1913 Webster]
And sovereign Law, that state s collected will O er thrones and globes elate, Sits empress, crowning good, repressing ill. --Sir W. Jones. [1913 Webster]
10. Trial by the laws of the land; judicial remedy; litigation; as, to go law. [1913 Webster]
When every case in law is right. --Shak. [1913 Webster]
He found law dear and left it cheap. --Brougham. [1913 Webster]
11. An oath, as in the presence of a court. [Obs.] See {Wager of law}, under Wager. [1913 Webster]
{Avogadro s law} (Chem.), a fundamental conception, according to which, under similar conditions of temperature and pressure, all gases and vapors contain in the same volume the same number of ultimate molecules; -- so named after Avogadro, an Italian scientist. Sometimes called {Amp[`e]re s law}.
{Bode s law} (Astron.), an approximative empirical expression of the distances of the planets from the sun, as follows: -- Mer. Ven. Earth. Mars. Aste. Jup. Sat. Uran. Nep. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 3 6 12 24 48 96 192 384 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --- --- 4 7 10 16 28 52 100 196 388 5.9 7.3 10 15.2 27.4 52 95.4 192 300 where each distance (line third) is the sum of 4 and a multiple of 3 by the series 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, etc., the true distances being given in the lower line.
{Boyle s law} (Physics), an expression of the fact, that when an elastic fluid is subjected to compression, and kept at a constant temperature, the product of the pressure and volume is a constant quantity, i. e., the volume is inversely proportioned to the pressure; -- known also as {Mariotte s law}, and the {law of Boyle and Mariotte}.
{Brehon laws}. See under Brehon.
{Canon law}, the body of ecclesiastical law adopted in the Christian Church, certain portions of which (for example, the law of marriage as existing before the Council of Tent) were brought to America by the English colonists as part of the common law of the land. --Wharton.
{Civil law}, a term used by writers to designate Roman law, with modifications thereof which have been made in the different countries into which that law has been introduced. The civil law, instead of the {common law}, prevails in the State of Louisiana. --Wharton.
{Commercial law}. See {Law merchant} (below).
{Common law}. See under Common.
{Criminal law}, that branch of jurisprudence which relates to crimes.
{Ecclesiastical law}. See under Ecclesiastical.
{Grimm s law} (Philol.), a statement (propounded by the German philologist Jacob Grimm) of certain regular changes which the primitive Indo-European mute consonants, so-called (most plainly seen in Sanskrit and, with some changes, in Greek and Latin), have undergone in the Teutonic languages. Examples: Skr. bh[=a]t[.r], L. frater, E. brother, G. bruder; L. tres, E. three, G. drei, Skr. go, E. cow, G. kuh; Skr. dh[=a] to put, Gr. ti-qe`-nai, E. do, OHG, tuon, G. thun. See also lautverschiebung.
{Kepler s laws} (Astron.), three important laws or expressions of the order of the planetary motions, discovered by John Kepler. They are these: (1) The orbit of a planet with respect to the sun is an ellipse, the sun being in one of the foci. (2) The areas swept over by a vector drawn from the sun to a planet are proportioned to the times of describing them. (3) The squares of the times of revolution of two planets are in the ratio of the cubes of their mean distances.
{Law binding}, a plain style of leather binding, used for law books; -- called also {law calf}.
{Law book}, a book containing, or treating of, laws.
{Law calf}. See {Law binding} (above).
{Law day}. (a) Formerly, a day of holding court, esp. a court-leet. (b) The day named in a mortgage for the payment of the money to secure which it was given. [U. S.]
{Law French}, the dialect of Norman, which was used in judicial proceedings and law books in England from the days of William the Conqueror to the thirty-sixth year of Edward III.
{Law language}, the language used in legal writings and forms.
{Law Latin}. See under Latin.
{Law lords}, peers in the British Parliament who have held high judicial office, or have been noted in the legal profession.
{Law merchant}, or {Commercial law}, a system of rules by which trade and commerce are regulated; -- deduced from the custom of merchants, and regulated by judicial decisions, as also by enactments of legislatures.
{Law of Charles} (Physics), the law that the volume of a given mass of gas increases or decreases, by a definite fraction of its value for a given rise or fall of temperature; -- sometimes less correctly styled {Gay Lussac s law}, or {Dalton s law}.
{Law of nations}. See {International law}, under International.
{Law of nature}. (a) A broad generalization expressive of the constant action, or effect, of natural conditions; as, death is a law of nature; self-defense is a law of nature. See Law, 4. (b) A term denoting the standard, or system, of morality deducible from a study of the nature and natural relations of human beings independent of supernatural revelation or of municipal and social usages.
{Law of the land}, due process of law; the general law of the land.
{Laws of honor}. See under Honor.
{Laws of motion} (Physics), three laws defined by Sir Isaac Newton: (1) Every body perseveres in its state of rest or of moving uniformly in a straight line, except so far as it is made to change that state by external force. (2) Change of motion is proportional to the impressed force, and takes place in the direction in which the force is impressed. (3) Reaction is always equal and opposite to action, that is to say, the actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal and in opposite directions.
{Marine law}, or {Maritime law}, the law of the sea; a branch of the law merchant relating to the affairs of the sea, such as seamen, ships, shipping, navigation, and the like. --Bouvier.
{Mariotte s law}. See {Boyle s law} (above).
{Martial law}.See under Martial.
{Military law}, a branch of the general municipal law, consisting of rules ordained for the government of the military force of a state in peace and war, and administered in courts martial. --Kent. --Warren s Blackstone.
{Moral law}, the law of duty as regards what is right and wrong in the sight of God; specifically, the ten commandments given by Moses. See Law, 2.
{Mosaic law}, or {Ceremonial law}. (Script.) See Law, 3.
{Municipal law}, or {Positive law}, a rule prescribed by the supreme power of a state, declaring some right, enforcing some duty, or prohibiting some act; -- distinguished from {international law} and {constitutional law}. See Law, 1.
{Periodic law}. (Chem.) See under Periodic.
{Roman law}, the system of principles and laws found in the codes and treatises of the lawmakers and jurists of ancient Rome, and incorporated more or less into the laws of the several European countries and colonies founded by them. See {Civil law} (above).
{Statute law}, the law as stated in statutes or positive enactments of the legislative body.
{Sumptuary law}. See under Sumptuary.
{To go to law}, to seek a settlement of any matter by bringing it before the courts of law; to sue or prosecute some one.
{To take the law of}, or {To have the law of}, to bring the law to bear upon; as, to take the law of one s neighbor. --Addison.
{Wager of law}. See under Wager.
Syn: Justice; equity.
Usage: Law, Statute, {Common law}, Regulation, Edict, Decree. Law is generic, and, when used with reference to, or in connection with, the other words here considered, denotes whatever is commanded by one who has a right to require obedience. A statute is a particular law drawn out in form, and distinctly enacted and proclaimed. Common law is a rule of action founded on long usage and the decisions of courts of justice. A regulation is a limited and often, temporary law, intended to secure some particular end or object. An edict is a command or law issued by a sovereign, and is peculiar to a despotic government. A decree is a permanent order either of a court or of the executive government. See Justice. [1913 Webster]
Law Law, v. t. Same as Lawe, v. t. [Obs.] [1913 Webster]
Law Law, interj. [Cf. La.] An exclamation of mild surprise. [Archaic or Low] [1913 Webster]
to spanish
law [l??] ley
ley.idoneos.com
to french
law [l??] droit
droit.idoneos.com
loi
loi.idoneos.com
to deutch
law [l??] Gesetz, Jura, Recht, Rechtswissenschaft, Sport), Vorgabe
gesetz.idoneos.com
jura.idoneos.com
recht.idoneos.com
rechtswissenschaft.idoneos.com
sport).idoneos.com
vorgabe.idoneos.com
(Jagd
(jagd.idoneos.com
law and order [l??ænd??d?r]
Recht und Ordnung
recht.idoneos.com
und.idoneos.com
ordnung.idoneos.com
law case [l??keis]
Rechtsfall
rechtsfall.idoneos.com
law courts [l??k??ts]
Justizpalast
justizpalast.idoneos.com
law enforcement agencies [l??inf??sm?nteid??nsiz]
Exekutivorgane
exekutivorgane.idoneos.com
law enforcement agency [l??inf??sm?nteid??nsi?]
Exekutivorgan
exekutivorgan.idoneos.com
law firm [l??f??m]
Anwaltskanzlei
anwaltskanzlei.idoneos.com
law of cosines [l???fkousainz]
Cosinussatz [math.]
cosinussatz.idoneos.com
[math.idoneos.com
law of gravitation [l???fgrævitei??n]
Gravitationsgesetz
gravitationsgesetz.idoneos.com
law of nations [l???fnæ??nz]
Völkerrecht
volkerrecht.idoneos.com
law of nature [l???fneit??r]
Naturgesetz
naturgesetz.idoneos.com
law of obligation [l???f?bligei??n]
Schuldrecht
schuldrecht.idoneos.com
law of succession [l???fs?kse??n]
Erbrecht
erbrecht.idoneos.com
law on deposits of securities
[l??w?ndip?zits?fsikje?ritiz]
[l??w?ndip?zits?fsikje?ritiz].idoneos.com
Depotgesetz
depotgesetz.idoneos.com
law suit [l??su?t]
Rechtsstreit
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to latin
law [l??] lex
lex.idoneos.com
Bible Dictionary
Law
The word is properly used, in Scripture as elsewhere, toexpress a definite commandment laid down by any recognizedauthority; but when the word is used with the article, andwithout any words of limitation, it refers to the expressedwill to God, and in nine cases out of ten to the Mosaic law, orto the Pentateuch of which it forms the chief portion. TheHebrew word torah (law) lays more stress on its moralauthority, as teaching the truth and guiding in the right way;the Greek nomos (law), on its constraining power as imposed andenforced by a recognized authority. The sense of the word,however, extends its scope and assumes a more abstractscharacter in the writings of St. Paul. Nomos, when used by himwith the article, still refers in general to the law of Moses;but when used without the article, so as to embrace anymanifestation of "law," it includes all powers which act on thewill of man by compulsion, or by the pressure of externalmotives, whether their commands be or be not expressed indefinite forms. The occasional use of the word "law" (as in(romans 3:27) "law of faith") to denote an internal principleof action does not really mitigate against the general rule. Itshould also be noticed that the title "the Law" is occasionallyused loosely to refer to the whole of the Old Testament, as in(john 10:34) referring to (psalms 82:6) in (john 15:25)referring to (psalms 35:19) and in (1 corinthians 14:21)referring to (isaiah 28:11,12)It will be the object of this article to give a brief analysisof the substance of this law, to point out its main principles,and to explain the position which it occupies in the progressof divine revelation. In order to do this the more clearly, itseems best to speak of the law, 1st. In relation to the past;2d. In its own intrinsic character.
(a) In reference to the past, it is all-important, for theproper understanding of the law, to remember its entiredependence on the Abrahamic covenant. See (galatians 3:17-24)That covenant had a twofold character. It contained the"spiritual promise" of the Messiah; but it contained also thetemporal promises subsidiary to the former. (b) The nature ofthis relation of the law to the promise is clearly pointedout. The belief in God as the Redeemer of man, and the hopeof his manifestation as such int he person of the Messiah,involved the belief that the Spiritual Power must be superiorto all carnal obstructions, and that there was in manspiritual element which could rule his life by communion witha spirit from above. But it involved also the idea of anantagonistic power of evil, from which man was to beredeemed, existing in each individual, and existing also inthe world at large. (c) Nor is it less essential to remarkthe period of the history at which it was given. It markedand determined the transition of Israel from the condition ofa tribe to that of a nation, and its definite assumption of adistinct position and office in the history of the world. (d)Yet, though new in its general conception, it was probablynot wholly new in its materials. There must necessarily havebeen, before the law, commandments and revelations of afragmentary character, under which Israel had hitherto grownup. So far therefore as they were consistent with the objectsof the Jewish law, the customs of Palestine and the laws ofEgypt would doubtless be traceable in the Mosaic system. (e)In close connection with, and almost in consequence of, thisreference to antiquity, we find an accommodation of the lawto the temper and circumstances of the Israelites, to whichour Lord refers int he case of divorce, (matthew 19:7,8) asnecessarily interfering with its absolute perfection. In manycases it rather should be said to guide and modify existingusages than actually to sanction them; and the ignorance oftheir existence may lead to a conception of its ordinancesnot only erroneous, but actually the reverse of the truth.(f) In close connection with this subject we observe also thegradual process by which the law was revealed to theIsraelites. In Ex 20-23, in direct connection with therevelation from Mount Sinai, that which may be called therough outline of the Mosaic law is given by God, solemnlyrecorded by Moses, and accepted by the people. In Ex 25-31,there is a similar outline of the Mosaic ceremonial. On thebasis of these it may be conceived that the fabric of theMosaic system gradually grew up under the requirements of thetime. The first revelation of the law in anything like aperfect form is found in the book of Deuteronomy. yet eventhen the revelation was not final; it was the duty of theprophets to amend and explain it in special points, (ezekiel18:1) ... and to bring out more clearly its great principles.
In giving an analysis of the substance of the law, it willprobably be better to treat it, as any other system of lawsis usually treated, by dividing it into-- I. Laws Civil; II.Laws Criminal: III. Laws Judicial and Constitutional; IV.Laws Ecclesiastical and Ceremonial. I. LAWS CIVIL.
LAW OF PER[798]SonS. (a) [799]Father AND [800]Son
the powerof a father to be held sacred; cursing or smiting, (exodus21:15,17; leviticus 20:9) and stubborn and willfuldisobedience, to be considered capital crimes. Butuncontrolled power of life and death was apparently refusedto the father, and vested only in the congregation.(21:18-21) Right of the first-born to a double portion of theinheritance not to be set aside by partiality. (21:15-17)Inheritance by daughters to be allowed in default of sons,provided, (numbers 27:6-8) comp. Numb 36:1 ... that heiressesmarried in their own tribe. Daughters unmarried to beentirely dependent on their father. (numbers 30:3-5) (b)[801]Husband AND [802]Wife
the power of a husband to be sogreat that a wife could never be sui juris, or enterindependently into any engagement, even before God. (numbers30:6-15) A widow or a divorced wife became independent, anddid not against fall under her father s power. ver. (numbers30:9) Divorce (for uncleanness) allowed, but to be formal andirrevocable. (24:1-4) Marriage within certain degreesforbidden. (leviticus 18:1) ... etc. A slave wife, whetherbought or captive, not to be actual property, nor to be sold;if illtreated, to be ipso facto free. (exodus 21:7-9;21:10-14) Slander against a wife s virginity to be punishedby fine,a nd by deprived of power of divorce; on the otherhand, ante-connubial uncleanness in her to be punished bydeath. (22:13-21) the raising up of seed (levirate law) aformal right to be claimed by the widow, under pain ofinfamy, with a view to preservation of families. (25:5-10)(c) MASTER AND [803]Slave
Power of master so far limitedthat death under actual chastisement was punishable, (exodus21:20) and maiming was to give liberty ipso facto . vs.(exodus 21:26,27) The Hebrew slave to be freed at thesabbatical year, and provided with necessaries (his wife andchildren to go with only if they came to his master withhim), unless by his own formal act he consented to be aperpetual slave. (exodus 21:1-6; 15:12-18) In any case, itwould seem, to be freed at the jubilee, (leviticus 25:10)with his children. If sold to a resident alien, to be alwaysredeemable, at a price proportioned to the distance of thejubilee. (leviticus 25:47-54) Foreign slaves to be held andinherited as property forever, (leviticus 25:45,46) andfugitive slaves from foreign nations not to be given up.(23:15) (d) STRANGERS
These seem never to have been suijuris, or able to protect themselves, and accordinglyprotection and kindness toward them are enjoined as a sacredduty. (exodus 22:21; leviticus 19:33,34)
LAW OF THINGS. (a) LAWS OF LAND (and property)
(1) Allland to be the property of God alone, and its holders to bedeemed his tenants. (leviticus 25:23) (2) All sold landtherefore to return to its original owners at the jubilee,and the price of sale to be calculated accordingly; andredemption on equitable terms to be allowed at all times.(leviticus 25:25-27) A house sold to be redeemable within ayear; and if not redeemed, to pass away altogether, ch.(leviticus 25:29,30) But the houses of the Levites, or thosein unwalled villages, to be redeemable at all times, in thesame way as land; and the Levitical suburbs to beinalienable. ch. (leviticus 25:31-34) (3) Land or housessanctified, or tithes, or unclean firstlings, to be capableof being redeemed, at six-fifths value (calculated accordingto the distance from the jubilee year by the priest); ifdevoted by the owner and unredeemed, to be hallowed at thejubilee forever, and given to the priests; if only by apossessor, to return to the owner at the jubilee. (leviticus27:14-34) (4) Inheritance . (b) LAWS OF DEBT
(1) All debts(to an israelite) to be released at the seventh (sabbaticalyear; a blessing promised to obedience, and a curse onrefusal to lend. (15:1-11) (2) Usury (from israelites) not tobe taken. (exodus 22:25-27; 23:19,20) (3) Pledges not to beinsolently or ruinously exacted. (24:6,10-13,17,18) (c)TAXATION
(1) Census-money, a poll-tax (of a half shekel),to be paid for the service of the tabernacle. (exodus30:12-16) All spoil in war to be halved; of the combatants half, one five-hundreth, of the people s, one fiftieth, to bepaid for a "heave offering" to Jehovah. (2) Tithes
(a)Tithes of all produce to be given for maintenance of theLevites. (numbers 18:20-24) (of this one tenth to be paid asa heave offering for maintenance of the priests. vs. (numbers18:24-32)) (b) Second tithe to be bestowed in religiousfeasting and charity, either at the holy place or (everythird year) at home. (14:22-28) (c) First-fruits of corn,wine and oil (at least one sixtieth, generally one fortieth,for the priests) to be offered at Jerusalem, with a solemndeclaration of dependence on God the King of Israel. (numbers18:12,13; 26:1-15) Firstlings of clean beasts; the redemptionmoney (five shekels) of man and (half shekel, or one shekel)of unclean beasts to be given to the priests after sacrifice.(numbers 18:15-18) (3) Poor laws
(a) Gleanings (in fieldor vineyard) to be a legal right of the poor. (leviticus19:9,10; 24:19-22) (b) Slight trespass (eating on the spot)to be allowed as legal. (23:24,25) (c) Wages to be paid dayby day. (24:15) (4) Maintenance of priests. (numbers 18:8-32)(a) Tenth of Levites tithe . (see 2a.) (b) The heave andwave offerings (breast and right shoulder of all peaceofferings). (c) The meat and sin offerings, to be eatensolemnly and only in the holy place. (c) First-fruits andredemption money. (see 2c.) (e) Price of all devoted things,unless specially given for a sacred service. A man s service,or that of his household, to be redeemed at 50 shekels forman, 30 for woman, 20 for boy and 10 for girl. II. LAWSCRIMINAL.
OFFENCES AGAINST [804]God (of the nature of treason.) 1StCommand. Acknowledgment of false gods, (exodus 22:20) as e.g.Molech, (leviticus 20:1-5) and generally all idolatry . (13;17:2-5) 2Nd Command. Witchcraft and false prophecy. (exodus22:18; 18:9-22; leviticus 19:31) 3Rd Command. Blasphemy .(leviticus 24:15,16) 4Th Command. Sabbath-breaking . (numbers15:32,36) Punishment in all cases, death by stoning .Idolatrous cities to be utterly destroyed.
OFFENCES AGAINST [805]Man. 5Th Command. Disobedience to orcursing or smiting of parents, (exodus 21:15,17; leviticus20:9; 21:18-21) to be punished by death by stoning, publiclyadjudged and inflicted; so also of disobedience to thepriests (as judges) or the Supreme Judge. Comp. (1 kings21:10-14) (naboth); (2 chronicles 24:21) (zechariah). 6ThCommand. (1) Murder to be punished by death without sanctuaryor reprieve, or satisfaction. (exodus 21:12,14; 19:11-13)Death of a slave, actually under the rod, to be punished.(exodus 21:20,21) (2) Death by negligence to be punished bydeath. (exodus 21:28-30) (3) Accidental homicide : theavenger of blood to seek safety by flight to a city ofrefuge, there to remain till the death of the high priest.(numbers 35:9-28; 4:41-43; 19:4-10) (4) Uncertain murder tobe expiated by formal disavowal and sacrifice by the eldersof the nearest city. (21:1-9) (5) Assault to be punished bylex talionis, or damages. (exodus 21:18,19,22-25; leviticus24:19,20) 7Th Command. (1) Adultery to be punished by deathof both offenders; the rape of a married or betrothed woman,by death of the offender. (22:13-27) (2) Rape or seduction ofan unbetrothed virgin to be compensated by marriage, withdowry (50 shekels), and without power of divorce; or, if shebe refused, by payment of full dowry. (exodus 22:16,17;22:28,29) (3) Unlawful marriages (incestuous, etc.) to bepunished, some by death, some by childlessness. (leviticus20:1) ... 8Th command. (1) Theft to be punished by fourfoldor double restitution; or nocturnal robber might be slain asan outlaw. (exodus 22:1-4) (2) Trespass and injury of thingslent to be compensated. (exodus 23:5-15) (3) Perversion ofjustice (by bribes, threats, etc.), and especially oppressionof strangers, strictly forbidden. (exodus 22:9) etc. (4)Kidnapping to be punished by death. (24:7) 9Th Command. Falsewitness to be punished by lex talionis . (exodus 23:1-3;19:16-21) Slander of a wife s chastity, by fine and loss ofpower of divorce. (22:18,19) A fuller consideration of thetables of the Ten Commandments is given elsewhere. [[806]TenCommandments COMMANDMENTS] III. LAWS JUDICIAL ANDCONSTITUTIONAL.
JURISDICTION. (a) Local judges (generally levites as moreskilled in the law) appointed, for ordinary matters, probablyby the people with approbation of the supreme authority (asof moses in the wilderness), (exodus 18:25; 1:15-18) throughall the land. (16:18) (b) Appeal to the priests (at the holyplace), or to the judge ; their sentence final, and to beaccepted under pain of death. See (17:8-13) comp. appeal toMoses, (exodus 18:26) (c) Two witnesses (at least) requiredin capital matters. (numbers 35:30; 17:6,7) (d) Punishment,except by special command, to be personal, and not to extendto the family. (24:16) Stripes allowed and limited, (25:1-3)so as to avoid outrage on the human frame. All this would beto a great extent set aside--1st. By the summary jurisdictionof the king, see (1 samuel 22:11-19) (saul); (2 samuel12:1-5; 14:4-11; 1 kings 3:16-28) which extended even to thedeposition of the high priest. (1 samuel 22:17,18; 1 kings2:26,27) The practical difficulty of its being carried out isseen in (2 samuel 15:2-6) and would lead of course to acertain delegation of his power. 2Nd. By the appointment ofthe Seventy, (numbers 11:24-30) with a solemn religioussanction. In later times there was a local sanhedrin oftwenty-three in each city, and two such in Jerusalem, as wellas the Great Sanhedrin, consisting of seventy members,besides the president, who was to be the high priest if dulyqualified, and controlling even the king and high priest. Themembers were priest, scribes (levites), and elders (of othertribes). A court of exactly this nature is noticed asappointed to supreme power by Jehoshaphat. See (2 chronicles19:8-11)
ROYAL POWER. The king s power limited by the law, as writtenand formally accepted by the king; and directly forbidden tobe despotic. (military conquest discouraged by theprohibition of the use of horses. see (joshua 11:6) For anexample of obedience to this law see (2 samuel 8:4) and ofdisobedience to it see (1 kings 10:26-29) (17:14-20) comp.1Sam 10:25 Yet he had power of taxation (to one tenth) and ofcompulsory service, (1 samuel 8:10-18) the declaration ofwar, (1 samuel 11:1) ... etc. There are distinct traces of a"mutual contract," (2 samuel 5:3) a "league," (2 kings 11:17)the remonstrance with Rehoboam being clearly notextraordinary. (1 kings 13:1-6) The princes of thecongregation
The heads of the tribes, see (joshua 9:15)seem to have had authority under Joshua to act for thepeople, comp. (1 chronicles 27:16-22) and in the later times"the princes of Judah" seem to have had power to control boththe king and the priests. See (jeremiah 26:10-24; 38:4,5)etc.
ROYAL REVENUE. (1) Tenth of produce. (2) Domain land. (1chronicles 27:26-29) Note confiscation of criminal s land. (1kings 21:15) (3) Bond service, (1 kings 5:17,18) chiefly onforeigners. (1 kings 9:20-22; 2 chronicles 2:16,17) (4)Flocks and herds. (1 chronicles 27:29-31) (5) Tributes(gifts) from foreign kings. (6) Commerce ; especially inSolomon s time. (1 kings 10:22,29) etc. IV. ECCLESIASTICALAND CEREMONIAL LAW.
LAW OF [807]Sacrifice (considered as the sign and theappointed means of the union with god, on which the holinessof the people depended). A. ORDINARY SACRIFICES. (a) Thewhole burnt offering, (leviticus 1:1) ... of the herd or theflock; to be offered continually, (exodus 29:38-42) and thefire on the altar never to be extinguished. (leviticus6:8-13) (b) The meat offering, (leviticus 2; 6:14-23) offlour, oil and frankincense, unleavened and seasoned withsalt. (c) The peace offering, (leviticus 3:1; leviticus7:11-21) of the herd or the flock; either a thank offering ora vow or free-will offering. (d) The sin offering or trespassoffering . Le 4,5,6 (a) For sins committed in ignorance. Le 4(b) For vows unwittingly made and broken, or uncleannessunwittingly contracted. Levi 5 (c) For sins wittinglycommitted. (leviticus 6:1-7) b. EXTRAORDINARY SACRIFICES. (a)At the consecration of priests. Le 8,9 (b) At thepurification of women. Le 12 (c) At the cleansing of lepers.Le 13,14 (d) On the great day of atonement. Le 16 (e) On thegreat festivals. Le 23
LAW OF HOLINESS (arising from the union with god throughsacrifice). a. HOLINESS OF PERSONS. (1) Holiness of the wholepeople as "children of God," (exodus 19:5,6; leviticus11-15,17,18; 14:1-21) shown in (a) The dedication of thefirst-born, (exodus 13:2,12,13; 22:29,30) etc.; and theoffering of all firstlings and first-fruits. Deuteronomy 26,etc. (b) Distinction of clean and unclean food. Levi 11;Deuteronomy 14. (c) Provision for purification. Levi12,13,14,15; (23:1-4) (d) Laws against disfigurement.(leviticus 19:27; 14:1) comp. (25:3) against excessivescourging. (e) Laws against unnatural marriages and lusts. Le18,20 (2) Holiness of the priests (and levites) . (a) Theirconsecration. Le 8,9; Ex 29 (b) Their special qualificationsand restrictions. (leviticus 21:1; leviticus 22:1-9) (c)Their rights, (18:1-6; numbers 18:1) ... and authority.(17:8-13) b. HOLINESS OF PLACES AND THINGS. (a) Thetabernacle with the ark, the vail, the altars, the laver, thepriestly robes, etc. Ex 25-28,30. (b) The holy place chosenfor the permanent erection of the tabernacle, (12:1;14:22-29) where only all sacrifices were to be offered andall tithes, firstfruits, vows, etc., to be given or eaten. c.HOLINESS OF TIMES. (a) The Sabbath. (exodus 20:9-11; 23:12)etc. (b) The sabbatical year. (exodus 23:10,11; leviticus25:1-7) etc. (c) The year of jubilee. (leviticus 25:8-16)etc. (d) The passover. (exodus 12:3-27; leviticus 23:4,5) (e)The feast of weeks (pentecost). (leviticus 23:15) etc. (f)The feast of tabernacles . (leviticus 23:33-43) (g) The feastof trumpets. (leviticus 23:23-25) (h) The day of atonement .(leviticus 23:26-32) etc. Such is the substance of the Mosaiclaw. The leading principle of the whole is its THEOCRATICCHARACTER, its reference, that is, of all action and thoughtsof men directly and immediately to the will of God. Itfollows from this that it is to be regarded not merely as alaw, that is, a rule of conduct based on known truth andacknowledged authority, but also as a revelation of God snature and his dispensations. But this theocratic characterof the law depends necessarily on the belief in God, as notonly the creator and sustainer of the world, but as, byspecial covenant, the head of the Jewish nation. Thisimmediate reference to God as their king is clearly seen asthe groundwork of their whole polity. From this theocraticnature of the law follow important deductions with regard to(a) the view which it takes of political society; (b) theextent of the scope of the law; (c) the penalties by which itis enforced; and (d) the character which it seeks to impresson the people. (a) The Mosaic law seeks the basis of itspolity, first, in the absolute sovereignty of God; next, inthe relationship of each individual to God, and through Godto his countrymen. It is clear that such a doctrine, while itcontradicts none of the common theories, yet lies beneaththem all. (b) The law, as proceeding directly from God andreferring directly to him, is necessarily absolute in itssupremacy and unlimited in its scope. It is supreme over thegovernors, as being only the delegates of the Lord, andtherefore it is incompatible with any despotic authority inthem. On the other hand, it is supreme over the governed,recognizing no inherent rights in the individual asprevailing against or limiting the law. It regulated thewhole life of an Israelite. His actions were rewarded andpunished with great minuteness and strictness--and thataccording to the standard, not of their consequences but oftheir intrinsic morality. (c) The penalties and rewards bywhich the law is enforced are such as depend on the directtheocracy. With regard to individual actions, it may benoticed that, as generally some penalties are inflicted bythe subordinate and some only the supreme authority, so amongthe Israelites some penalties came from the hand of man, somedirectly from the providence of God. (d) But perhaps the mostimportant consequence of the theocratic nature of the law wasthe peculiar character of goodness which it sought to impresson the people. The Mosaic law, beginning with piety as itsfirst object, enforces most emphatically the purity essentialto those who, by their union with God, have recovered thehope of intrinsic goodness, while it views righteousness andlove rather as deductions from these than as independentobjects. The appeal is not to any dignity of human nature,but to the obligations of communion with a holy God. Thesubordination, therefore, of this idea also to the religiousidea is enforced; and so long as the due supremacy of thelatter was preserved, all other duties would find theirplaces in proper harmony.
Sex, Sexuality and Gender: Historic US Supreme Court Cases (LandMark Case Law)
by US Supreme CourtLandMark PublicationsThe cases in this collection are the Supreme Court's landmark rulings on sexual conduct and preferences, sex-based discrimination and the implications of gender differences.
There is also a copy of the Constitution, Bill of Rights and all Amendments.
Historic Supreme Court Cases
On Sexual Orientation
1. Bowers v. Hardwick 478 U.S. 186 (1986)
2. Romer v. Evans 517 U.S. 620 (1996)
3. Boy Scouts of America v. Dale 530 U.S. 640 (2000)
4. Lawrence v. Texas 539 U.S. 558 (2003)
Historic Supreme Court Cases
On Sex Discrimination
5. Muller v. Oregon 208 U.S. 412 (1908)
6. West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish 300 U.S. 379 (1937)
7. Hoyt v. Florida 368 U.S. 57 (1961)
8. Reed v. Reed 404 U.S. 71 (1971)
9. Frontiero v. Richardson 411 U.S. 677 (1973)
10. Orr v. Orr 440 U.S. 268 (1979)
11. Michael M. v. Superior Court 450 U.S. 464 (1981)
12. Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson 477 U.S. 57 (1986)
13. Johnson v. Transportation Agency 480 U.S. 616 (1987)
14. Rotary International v. Rotary Club of Duarte 481 U.S. 537 (1987)
15. Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins 490 U.S. 228 (1989)
16. UAW v. Johnson Controls, Inc. 499 U.S. 187 (1991)
17. Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools 503 U.S. 60 (1992)
18. Clinton v. Jones 520 U.S. 681 (1997)
19. United States v. Morrison 529 U.S. 598 (2000)
Historic Supreme Court Cases
On Gender Distinctions
20. Minor v. Happersett 88 U.S. 162 (1875)
21. Wengler v. Druggists Mutual Insurance Co. 446 U.S. 142 (1980)
22. Rostker v. Goldberg 453 U.S. 57 (1981)
23. Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan 458 U.S. 718 (1982)
24. Arizona Governing Committee v. Norris 463 U.S. 1073 (1983)
25. Hishon v. King & Spalding 467 U.S. 69 (1984)
26. Roberts v. United States Jaycees 468 U.S. 609 (1984)
27. Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc. 523 U.S. 75 (1998)
28. Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth 524 U.S. 742 (1998)
29. Faragher v. City of Boca Raton 524 U.S. 775 (1998)
Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code, Circular 92
by United StatesThis book was converted from its physical edition to the digital format by a community of volunteers. You may find it for free on the web. Purchase of the Kindle edition includes wireless delivery.
This book was converted from its physical edition to the digital format by a community of volunteers. You may find it for free on the web. Purchase of the Kindle edition includes wireless delivery.
Juvenile Justice: The System, Process and Law (Available Titles Cengagenow)
by Rolando V. del CarmenWadsworth PublishingLike no other text on the market, JUVENILE JUSTICE: SYSTEM, PROCESS, AND LAW provides a balanced engaging and detailed look at real juvenile justice-the system, the process, and the law. Written by two authorities on the subject, del Carmen and Trulson's new text is organized by the logical and chronological sequencing of the process, making it easier for students to understand and remember, and helping them differentiate the juvenile justice system from the adult criminal justice system. Based on the authors' many years of hands-on, practical experience in the field, the text includes a wealth of interesting narrative illustrations that provide students with a realistic picture of the juvenile justice system. JUVENILE JUSTICE clearly and effectively introduces students to the various phases and complex nuances of juvenile law as they relate to the juvenile justice system, process, policy, and theory.
California School Law: Second Edition (Stanford Law Books)
by Frank KemererStanford Law BooksThe first chapter provides an explanation of the legal framework within which California schooling takes place and key players at the state, district, and school level. Ensuing chapters examine student attendance and truancy, curriculum law, employment law, teacher and student rights of expression, the school and religion, students with disabilities, student discipline, privacy and search and seizure, and legal liability in both state and federal court. Also included are chapters on unions and collective bargaining, educational finance issues, and racial and gender discrimination. Appendices provide a glossary of legal terminology, an explanation of how to find and read legislative enactments and judicial decisions, and a list of sources for accessing law. The book's table of contents is included on this website. Also included are links two sections from the second edition, one dealing with the discipline of students with disabilities and the other with student rights of expression.
Law never stands still. To keep the book current, the authors will maintain a cumulative update for the second edition on this website.
Introduction to the Law for Paralegals (McGraw-Hill Business Careers Paralegal Titles)
by Deborah BentonCareer EducationInnovative and engaging, this textbook is written for the student who is just starting a paralegal degree program. It provides simple and concise explanations of legal concepts and topics, encouraging students to develop critical thinking skills by applying the legal principles to numerous problems and exercises contained in each chapter. This book introduces students to the major substantive areas of law that will be covered in depth in subsequent courses.
The Paralegal Supersite Site
A Dictionary of Law (Oxford Dictionary of Law)
Oxford University Press, USAThis acclaimed dictionary is the most comprehensive of its kind, with over 4,200 concise, informative entries on all aspects of English law, with 200 entries new to this volume. The Dictionary defines all the major terms, concepts, processes, and organization of the legal system - with new coverage of important recent legislation and expanded coverage of criminology and law enforcement. International in scope, the book includes terms taken from European law, international law, human rights law, and environmental law. This edition offers highlighted feature entries that discuss key topics in detail, such as adoption law or the Terrorism Act. There is a useful Writing and Citation Guide that specifically addresses problems and established conventions for writing legal essays and reports and the book features entry-level web links which are accessed and kept up to date via the Dictionary of Law companion website. This classic dictionary is an invaluable source of legal reference for lawyers, law students, and anyone else needing succinct clarification of legal terms.
Civil Rights Investigations Under the Workforce Investment Act and Other Title VI-Related Laws: From Intake to Final Determination
by Seena K FosterOutskirts Press
"Equal Opportunity is the Law"
Do you work in federally-funded programs and activities? Or, do you work as a EEO professional for your company? Â If so, "Equal Opportunity is The Law" in your employment practices and in delivering services, aid, training, and benefits and this book is a must-have resource for you. Civil Rights Investigations has been judged by a panel of industry experts as a Finalist in the Business Reference category of the 2011 Best Books Awards, sponsored by USA Book News. Â In Civil Rights Investigations, Ms. Foster assembles a tremendous amount of information, presents it in an organized and easy-to-understand format, and delivers it to you along with practical and useful guidance. Whether you are a novice or expert, this book is a truly exceptional resource that takes you step-by-step through the investigative process. And, while the Workforce Investment Act is used as a model, the teachings offered are applicable to any Title VI-related and Title VII-related investigation. Starting with the basics of knowing whether you have a complaint and authority to investigate it, to navigating more in-depth concepts such as understanding the burdens of the parties, properly framing the issues of an investigation, developing a complaint investigation plan, interviewing witnesses, analyzing conflicting evidence, and writing final determinations, Civil Rights Investigations is with you each step of the way, providing insights, tips, and examples. A wide array of discriminatory bases is explored, including race, color, national origin, gender, sexual harassment, religion, disability, political affiliation, citizenship, and age. And, the book contains sample interrogatories covering numerous Title VI-related adverse actions such as denial of access, denial of training, denial of services, denial of benefits, and denial of proposals. Other sample interrogatories address sexual harassment, reasonable accommodation, reasonable modification, retaliation, termination from employment, non-selection and non-promotion, adverse performance appraisals, and damages.
Simply put, Civil Rights Investigations is a top-of-the-line resource for any equal opportunity professional.
Critical Introduction to Law (New Title S.)
by Wade MansellRoutledge-CavendishThis book challenges the usual introductions to the study of law. It argues that law is inherently political and reflects the interests of the few even while presenting itself as neutral. It considers law as ideology and as politics, and critically assesses its contribution to the creation and maintenance of a globalized and capitalist world. The clarity of the arguments are admirably suited to provoking discussions of the role of law in our contemporary world. This third edition provides contemporary examples to sustain the arguments in their relevance to the twenty-first century.
The book includes an analysis of the common sense of law; the use of anthropological examples to gain external perspectives of our use and understanding of law; a consideration of central legal concepts, such as order, rules, property, dispute resolution, legitimation and the rule of law; an examination of the role of law in women's subordination and finally a critique of the effect of our understanding of law upon the wider world. This book is ideal for undergraduate and postgraduate students reading law.
Land law and registration of title: a comparison of the old and new methods of transferring land.
by Eustace J. HarveyGale, Making of Modern LawThe Making of the Modern Law: Legal Treatises, 1800-1926 includes over 20,000 analytical, theoretical and practical works on American and British Law. It includes the writings of major legal theorists, including Sir Edward Coke, Sir William Blackstone, James Fitzjames Stephen, Frederic William Maitland, John Marshall, Joseph Story, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. and Roscoe Pound, among others. Legal Treatises includes casebooks, local practice manuals, form books, works for lay readers, pamphlets, letters, speeches and other works of the most influential writers of their time. It is of great value to researchers of domestic and international law, government and politics, legal history, business and economics, criminology and much more.
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The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to insure edition identification:
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E-Commerce Law (New Title)
by Paul ToddRoutledge-CavendishThis book includes detailed coverage of intellectual property, contract, encryption and liability issues, including allocation of domain names, use of metatags and other forms of search engine optimization, digital signatures and the position of ISPs and other intermediaries. There are case studies on electronic conveyancing and e-taxation.
Though the book is written from a UK perspective, comparative material is included from other jurisdictions, including America and Singapore in particular.
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